By use of biological weapons in recent war we are faced with new diseases that their pathogens are not clear and the military personal and civilians, are not vaccinated for these new diseases. For diagnosis and treatment of such infections we must evacuatwig a limited number of patients to special Hospital with containment laboratories.AIR evacuation is the best way for transporting these patients.In this article we speak. Abut. How miymising the risk for transmission of infectious diseases to. AIR crews. Caregivers and civilians.

Economic development is considered to be an important basis for the policies in every country and undoubtedly energy is an essential and necessary factor for economic development. In this regard TRANSPORTATION sector consumes large amounts of energy. Examining energy consumption in TRANSPORTATION sector indicates that energy consumption growth in this sector doesn’t correspond to the added-value growth, and this gap between energy consumption growth and production growth in Iran has increased the consumption intensity of this sector. Using 1971- 2003 data, the main purpose of this paper is to estimate the fuel DEMAND function in the land TRANSPORTATION sector of the country.Almost Ideal DEMAND System (AIDS) method was used to estimate the fuel DEMAND function in the land TRANSPORTATION sector. The findings indicate that gasoline and diesel DEMAND in the land TRANSPORTATION sector with regard to the fuel price variation has a low elasticity. This indicates that fuel DEMAND in land TRANSPORTATION decreases less than one percent when the fuel price increases one percent. Also fuel income elasticity in the land TRANSPORTATION sector is less than one unit that shows when added value increases one percent, fuel DEMAND increases less than one percent in the country.

AIR TRANSPORTATION contracts are those considered for numerous consumers. Given the point that thousands and even millions of daily TRANSPORTATION contracts between the AIRline companies (as the expert) and passengers (as a consumer) are placed, it seems necessary to identify the unfAIR terms in the contracts, which represents AIRlines abusing their power. It is also noteworthy that for fighting against the unfAIR terms, in addition to identifying the instances of the unfAIR terms, applying the appropriate legal strategy is also DEMANDing. European Nation country members attempted to develop new strategies in order to fight against the unfAIR terms. The present study aimed to initially identify the unfAIR terms and then investigate their relevant provisions.

In the present article, the authors, reviewing the studies conduct, estimate the DEMAND function for passenger and cargo TRANSPORTATION by railway using Fitzory and Smith (1998) models and ARDL method. Theory studies show that in the passenger TRANSPORTATION sector, DEMAND growth for passenger TRANSPORTATION, in the long-run is affected by gross domestic product (GDP) and price index of bus ticket, the long of railway line, income resulting from the proportion of passenger-Km to fixed price. In other hand, DEMAND for cargo TRANSPORTATION in the long-runs is affected by gross domestic product (GDP), price index of truck rent, income resulting from the proportion of Ton-Km to fixed price. In any case about TRANSPORTATION railway, gross domestic product is variable effectives in TRANSPORTATION DEMAND function both passenger sector and cargo sector.

This paper is an endeavor to quantify the concept of sustainable TRANSPORTATION. The prevailing idea in the context of sustainable development (SD) emphasizes on the reduction of TRANSPORTATION DEMAND in order to reduce the environmental and social consequences of it. Nevertheless, in the current paper using a measure for SD, and based on the conformity of the growths of all sectors with TRANSPORTATION supply and DEMAND, the countries are comparatively studied. The measure, elasticity, for each two variables indicates the extent to which those two variables have been changing consistently. Indeed the elasticity values are measures of a “harmonic development” representing sustainability. The database consisted of national variables in TRANSPORTATION, economic, social and environmental categories for 128 countries in the period of 1980 to 1995. The study shed some light on the SD of TRANSPORTATION supply and DEMAND, reflecting the harmony of social, environmental and economic development with respect to TRANSPORTATION supply and DEMAND development. Using individual elasticity, composite sustainability indices were suggested. For comparative appraisal, country groupings were developed. The sustainability appraisal showed interesting patterns of within and between group similarities and differences. The study confirmed the significance of TRANSPORTATION supply and DEMAND balancing and sustainability challenges of the 21st century. The methodology may be applied to any other time and geographic scope for addressing pertinent issues for balancing and SD of TRANSPORTATION systems.

The main purpose of this research is to identify AIR transit potential in the over-flight sector and to estimate the DEMAND diversion from Iran's AIR corridors to other substitute paths. After determining the study area and its zoning, three special information zones were formed for statistical studies. The collected statistical samples in the databases mainly relate to the time interval of 20th to 27th, of May 2002. The main reason to select the 1-week time interval is the period of repetition of regular flights throughout the world. Eleven different zones have been identified as AIR transit potential of the country. The results indicate that, despite the shortness of AIR paths of the country among the identified effective AIR transit zones, less than 40% of the transit flights have entered these corridors and the remainders are absorbed in parallel paths. Different approaches have been adopted in the analysis of Iran's AIR transit potentials. In this study, after forming classified crossing tables, the roles of various AIRlines have been evaluated on the basis of the portion of the evident potentials in the total potential flights. The categorical data according to logarithmic-linear models have also been statistically analyzed in the research and the zero hypotheses of the combined mutual effects have been studied by using these models. The results of fitting these models into classified crossing tables clearly show the effective role of the classified variable of different AIRlines in the AIR transit market. In other hand, with applying the one way t-test, different AIRlines have been categorized, by rate of loosing revenue. The international corridors have also been prioritized in this approach in terms of volume of transit and time distribution of the present DEMAND.  In addition, considering the present evaluated difference between the visible potentials in the country's sky and the present potential, including evident and hidden potentials, some strategies have been presented for converting the latent DEMAND to the evident level.

The objective of this research was to develop models for intercity AIR travel DEMAND in Iran. The basic structure of previous DEMAND models was based on the gravity formula, moreover, some socioeconomic and quality of service factors were used to estimate the potential for trip production and attraction of regions. Based on historical data available from civil aviation organization of Iran, a series of models were estimated. To calibrate the models, they were classified in four groups as follows: 1) models for all pAIRed cities, 2) models with dummy variables for cities of Mashad and Tehran due to special characteristics, 3) models for pAIRed cities based on distance criteria, and 4) models of four groups of pAIRed cities with four cities of Mashad, Tehran, Esfahan and Shiraz being either origins or destinations. All four groups, were analyzed with and without using flight frequency parameter. In models with or without flight frequency variable, only the fourth group of these models illustrates acceptable coefficient of determination.